Page transcription
BREADALBANE—BREADNER
137
and titles, whereupon Campbell obtained a new patent (Aug. 13,
1681) as earl of Breadalbane and Holland, viscount of Tay and
Paintland, Lord Glenorchy, Benenderloch, Ormellie and Weick,
with special power to nominate his successor from among the sons
of his first wife.
Breadalbane, who had sat in the Scottish parliament under
Charles II and had supported the administration of the duke of
Lauderdale by sending 1,700 Highlanders to overawe the disaffected
southwest in 1678, became a member of the Scottish privy council
in 1685. He was described as having "neither honour nor religion
but where they are mixed with interest" and as of "the gravity of
a Spaniard, cunning as a fox, wise as a serpent but as slippery as
an eel." To gain the support in the Highlands of a man of such
qualities, possessed of wide estates and related by marriage to several
leading families, was of high moment to William III. Breadalbane
did not commit himself to Lord Dundee, or join his rising, and
after the battle of Killiecrankie (July 1689) he was entrusted
by the government to offer a large sum of money to secure the
submission of the clans. On June 30, 1691, he met the Jacobite
chiefs and prevailed on them to agree to an armistice until October;
not, however (so it was alleged), by expending the money but
by holding out the hope that he might later join them. When asked
to render an account, he is said to have replied, "The money is
spent, the Highlands are quiet, and this is the only way of accounting
between friends." On Aug. 27, 1691, indemnity was offered
to all taking the oath of allegiance before Jan. 1, 1692, while all
refusing were threatened with the penalties of treason. MacIan,
the chief of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, postponed his submission
till Dec. 31 and was prevented from taking the oath till Jan. 6,
1692, through the absence of a magistrate at Fort William. Sub-
sequently, in the "massacre of Glencoe" (Feb. 13, 1692), a number
of the MacDonalds were butchered in cold blood by troops to
whom they had given hospitality. Opinion was strong against
Breadalbane, who may well have welcomed the opportunity of
destroying a clan which had for generations lived by plundering his
lands and those of his neighbours, but although he was aware that
violent action was planned it is less likely that he was personally
involved in organizing the massacre. No real evidence against him
was disclosed, and his imprisonment (Sept. 1695) was on the
ground of his earlier dealings with the Jacobite chiefs. He was
released when William III announced that he had acted with royal
approval.
Breadalbane did not vote for the union of England and Scotland
in 1707, but was a representative peer in the parliament of Great
Britain (1713–15). He maintained his contacts with the Jacobites,
whom he encouraged in 1708, without, however, committing him-
self on paper. At the time of the Jacobite rising in 1715 he excused
himself (Sept. 19) from obeying a summons to Edinburgh on the
ground of his age and infirmities; but the next day he visited the
earl of Mar's camp at Logierait and afterward the camp at Perth
his real business being, according to the master of Sinclair, "to
trick others, not to be trick'd," and to obtain a share of French
subsidies. He is said to have promised and taken money for 1,200
men in the Jacobite cause, but he sent only 300 or 400, who acquired
themselves well at Sheriffmuir (1715) but were withdrawn after
that battle. Breadalbane's son was imprisoned, but he himself
escaped any punishment for his part in the rising because of his
age. He died on March 19, 1717.
See William A. Gillies, In Famed Breadalbane (1938). (Gx. D.)
BREADALBANE, a district of Perthshire, Scot., bordered
on the north by Loch Rannoch, east by Strathyra, south by
Strathearn and west by the districts of Argyll and Lorne, and
occupying about 1,020 sq.mi. The Grampians (q.v.) are the chief
mountain range; Ben Lawers (3,984 ft.), Ben More (3,843 ft.) and
Ben Lui (3,708 ft.) the principal peaks. Loch Tay is the chief
lake, and the rivers are the Orchy, Dochart, Lochay, Lyon, Almond
and upper Tay. The population of Breadalbane centres in Aber-
feldy, Fortingall, Kenmore and Killin (q.v.). It is a land of deer
forests, shooting and fishing; only a little soil in glens and straths
(broad river valleys) is cultivable. The famous Breadalbane vine
is at Kinnell house, Killin.
BREADFRUIT. The staple food of the South Pacific, culi-
vated less commonly in other parts of the tropics, is the fruit of
Artocarpus altilis, a tree of the family Moraceae (q.v.).
The tree is extremely handsome. It reaches a height of 40 to
60 ft., and has large, oval, glossy green leaves entire toward the
base and three- to five-lobed toward the apex. Male and female
flowers are borne in separate inflorescences on the same tree; the
staminate or male ones appear in dense, club-shaped catkins; the
female or pistillate, which are very numerous, are grouped together
and form a large prickly head upon a spongy receptacle. The ripe
fruit, which is composed of the
matured ovaries of these pistillate
flowers, is roundish, commonly
four to eight inches in diameter,
greenish to brownish-green ex-
ternally, with white and some-
what fibrous pulp.
There are two distinct forms of
breadfruit, one seedless, the other
(sometimes known as breadnut)
containing many seeds resembling
chestnuts.
The seedless form is the most
valuable and the one usually
grown. It has been cultivated in
the Malay archipelago (where
the species is held to be indige-
nous) since remote antiquity.
From this region it spread
throughout the tropical South
Pacific region in prehistoric times.
Its introduction into the
new world is connected with the
memorable voyage of Capt. Wil-
liam Bligh in H.M.S. "Bounty,"
a voyage recommended by Capt.
James Cook, who had seen the breadfruit in the Pacific islands
and considered that it would prove highly useful as a foodstuff
for Negro slaves in the West Indies.
After the failure of this voyage, a second was carried out which
resulted in the successful establishment of the tree in Jamaica,
where, however, it failed to live up to expectations, because the
Negroes preferred bananas and plantains.
The breadfruit is not a fruit in the popular sense of the term,
but a product containing considerable amounts of starch, not to
be eaten uncooked. Regarding methods of preparing it for the
table, W. E. Safford writes (Useful Plants of Guam):
It is eaten before it becomes ripe, while the pulp is still mealy, and
of a consistency between bread and sweet potatoes. In Guam it was
formerly cooked after the manner of most Pacific island aborigines,
by means of heated stones in a hole in the earth; layers of stones,
hot water, and green leaves alternating. It is sometimes cooked
in this manner as ranches but the usual way of cooking it is to boil it
or bake it in ovens; or it is cut in slices and fried like potatoes.
The last method is the one usually preferred by foreigners.
The fruit boiled or baked is rather tasteless by itself, but with salt and butter
or gravy it is a palatable as well as nutritious article of diet.
In the West Indies and on the American mainland from Mexico
to Brazil the breadfruit tree is grown in dooryards and the fruit
appears upon the market. Propagation of the seedless forms is by
means of root suckers or root cuttings.
Numerous varieties are cultivated in the Pacific islands, but
these are not known in tropical America. The tree withstands
no frost and has not been successful even in the southernmost
parts of Florida.
In the South seas, cloth is made from its fibrous inner bark;
the wood is used for canoes and furniture; and a glue and calking
material are obtained from the viscid milky juice which exudes
from incisions in the trunk.
See W. Popeneo, Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits (1920);
J. H. Julien, "Breadfruit Propagation," Rev. Agr. Maurice 24:31 (1943).
(W. Po.)
BREADNER, LLOYD SAMUEL (1894–1952), Canadian
air force officer and, during World War II, air officer commanding
the Royal Canadian Air Force (R.C.A.F.) overseas, was born on
