Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
A Research Division of Carnegie Mellon University

Hunt Institute Archives Text Discovery Platform

Search a large and growing portion of our online collections, including handwritten documents.
PROTOTYPE

This prototype uses state-of-the-art artificial intelligence, including a vision-language model (VLM) capable of reading handwritten documents as well as typed and printed text, to create searchable transcriptions of digitized materials in the Hunt Institute Archives. This makes it possible to search the textual contents of individual pages, including material that may not be described in the archival catalog.

Use Keyword search for specific words, names, dates, scientific names, or phrases. Try Semantic search (experimental) to describe a topic, question, or kind of material when you do not know the exact wording used in the documents.

About the AI-generated transcriptions

The transcriptions are generated automatically from page images and may contain errors, especially with difficult handwriting, unusual names, multiple languages, image-quality problems, or complex layouts. They are intended primarily as a discovery aid rather than authoritative transcriptions.

Each result provides the generated transcription and links to the original digitized material and associated archival description so that readings can be checked against the source. The transcription workflow uses AI models run locally by the Hunt Institute.

About Keyword and Semantic search

Keyword search is the default and matches the wording in the transcriptions. Results contain all your terms. Use quotes for an exact phrase. Substring matching is supported, so aceae can find plant-family names ending in -aceae.

Semantic search (experimental) is useful when you know what kind of material you are looking for but do not know the words used in the documents. It ranks transcribed passages by similarity of meaning, so relevant results may not contain the exact words in your query.

Semantic queries can be broad research topics, descriptions of activities or relationships, or natural-language questions. For example:

plant collecting and fieldwork in South America medicinal, culinary, or other traditional uses of plants chromosomes and plant classification early herbals and botanical illustrations botanical institutions exchanging plants, seeds, and specimens microscopy and photomicrography in botanical research How did botanists and gardeners introduce plants from one region to another? grafting, budding, and propagation of tropical fruit crops

Semantic search is not a chatbot: a question is used as a search query, and the system returns archival passages that appear conceptually related to it rather than generating an answer or summary. Short descriptions and ordinary research questions generally work better than lists of disconnected keywords. Quotation marks have no special meaning in Semantic mode. Cross-language matching may work in some cases, but it should not be treated as translation.

Keyword and Semantic search are complementary. Keyword search lets you require particular wording; Semantic search can surface differently worded passages about the same subject. Depending on the research question, trying both can reveal different useful material.

Open a result: use the prominent page-and-transcription link to see the metadata, PDF, and full transcription. Keyword-search terms are highlighted in the transcription.

Archives Collections Database (ArchivesSpace): the Collection, Item/Folder, and Digital Object links open the corresponding archival records. Collection-level dates describe the collection as a whole, not necessarily the specific item or page.

If a PDF does not load: on the detail page, use the Digital Object link, click “Go to file” in ArchivesSpace, and navigate to the page number shown here.

Current limitations
  • Automated transcriptions can contain missing or incorrect text or unintended repetition. Difficult handwriting, image quality, unusual layouts, and multiple languages can reduce accuracy. Always consult the original page image when an exact reading matters.
  • Semantic search remains experimental. Its rankings are an additional discovery aid, not a complete or definitive set of relevant results, and highly ranked pages can sometimes be only broadly related.
  • This is an active prototype. Search coverage, transcriptions, functionality, and the interface may continue to change as additional archival material is processed and the system is improved.

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Page 43 · DO #459 · 204_Popenoe_Bx33FF29r

Collection
Wilson Popenoe (1892–1975) family papers
Item/Folder
Preface, Introduction, and The Mango - manuscript and notes (typed and handwritten) - chapters in outline for proposed book with Herbert Wolfe, n.d.
Digital Object
DO #459, page 43
Collection-level dates
1882–1975
Open PDF at page 43 ↗

Page transcription

322 GEIBA VOL. 4

Regardless of the particular method of graftage selected, disease and insect control on the stock and parent trees, season of year for the operation, and careful selection of scions for proper maturity are important to the success of the operation.

The choice between using terminal scions or lateral buds depends chiefly on the abundance of graftwood. The use of budding methods allows a greater number of trees to be produced when economy of graftwood is a factor. This is usually the case when the increase of a new variety is first attempted. Also, the particular technique with which the propagator is most proficient influences the choice of methods. Many prefer the terminal scion because springing is more rapid. Others use the budding method entirely because the scion length of the chip-bud requires a shorter cut and less wrapping material. Speed of the operation is also a factor which favors budding in comparison with the side-veneer graft. Springing the bud requires different procedures than are required with the terminal scion, but this can be successfully done by any of several methods used in Florida.

SIDE-VEENEER GRAFTING. This technique was more exclusively practiced during the period when the Haden variety dominated the mango plantings. With the advent of newer varieties and the greater demand for trees, budding methods are now practiced almost as extensively as the side-veneer, if not tending toward more extensive use.

Side-veneer grafting may be started when the seedling stock has a defined cambium and has formed enough wood to have rigidity. The appearance of the bark will vary from a greenish-pink to a definite green color, and as further maturing occurs, the bark will appear grey with a corky condition noted on older trees where considerable bark sloughs off. The side-veneer graft is also used on large limbs or tree trunks in top-working.

The scion used is almost always a terminal stem two to three inches long. The degree to which the terminal bud is developed gives the best indication as to its suitability. An enlarged terminal that will "spring" in 10 to 14 days is ideal. Leaves are removed as the scions are taken from the parent tree. The scions are placed in damp peat or sphagnum moss until the grafting operation. The cut on the scion

1956 CURRENT METHODS 325

Enlargement of the bud takes place as well as development of vascular tissues between the bud and stock. When it is determined, through experience, that conditions are right for springing of the bud, the seedling may be topped completely just above the bud or it may be lopped as done with citrus trees. This method may be considered rather clumsy nursery practice, that is, leaving the bud dormant for several weeks or even months; but it accomplishes the springing of a vigorous sprout in contrast to the rather slow growth derived from method N° 1. It will have to be determined which method will work best for the individual attempting it.

3. When is is fairly certain that union between scion and stock has taken place and the bud is advanced enough that it seems highly probable springing will take place in two to three weeks, the stock may be cut off completely just above the bud. However, it is generally considered safer to follow either method N° 1 or N° 2 because delay of springing may stunt the plant or, in some instances, kill it.

MODIFIED CHIP BUDGING. This method has also been reported previously (5, 6), but certain procedures have been improved in the sprouting of stocks and the springing of buds. The method is not in widespread use but should greater numbers of trees be needed, it will probably become more widely accepted. It does require grafting within a more limited time schedule, due to the fact that the young rootstock is in a "red" or "purple" stage of growth for only two to three weeks. This period can be extended under certain specialized environmental conditions such as shade or deep planting in the seedbed.

Sprout the seeds after removing the hull, in peat moss. If increase in diameter of stock is desired for easier manipulation in the grafting operation, it can be accomplished by planting the seed six to eight inches deep in peat moss. These seedlings, before leaves have developed to any great extent and the plant still receives the major part of its nutrients from the cotyledons, can be grafted or budded: (a) immediately and replaced in the peat moss and potted in one week, (b) as they are removed from the seedbed and potted, or (c) a few days after potting. By another workable procedure, seeds may be placed in peat moss to determine viability (5) and as soon as the radicle begins to protrude, potting of the germinating seed can be done. Graft-