Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
A Research Division of Carnegie Mellon University

Hunt Institute Archives Text Discovery Platform

Search a large and growing portion of our online collections, including handwritten documents.
PROTOTYPE

This prototype uses state-of-the-art artificial intelligence, including a vision-language model (VLM) capable of reading handwritten documents as well as typed and printed text, to create searchable transcriptions of digitized materials in the Hunt Institute Archives. This makes it possible to search the textual contents of individual pages, including material that may not be described in the archival catalog.

Use Keyword search for specific words, names, dates, scientific names, or phrases. Try Semantic search (experimental) to describe a topic, question, or kind of material when you do not know the exact wording used in the documents.

About the AI-generated transcriptions

The transcriptions are generated automatically from page images and may contain errors, especially with difficult handwriting, unusual names, multiple languages, image-quality problems, or complex layouts. They are intended primarily as a discovery aid rather than authoritative transcriptions.

Each result provides the generated transcription and links to the original digitized material and associated archival description so that readings can be checked against the source. The transcription workflow uses AI models run locally by the Hunt Institute.

About Keyword and Semantic search

Keyword search is the default and matches the wording in the transcriptions. Results contain all your terms. Use quotes for an exact phrase. Substring matching is supported, so aceae can find plant-family names ending in -aceae.

Semantic search (experimental) is useful when you know what kind of material you are looking for but do not know the words used in the documents. It ranks transcribed passages by similarity of meaning, so relevant results may not contain the exact words in your query.

Semantic queries can be broad research topics, descriptions of activities or relationships, or natural-language questions. For example:

plant collecting and fieldwork in South America medicinal, culinary, or other traditional uses of plants chromosomes and plant classification early herbals and botanical illustrations botanical institutions exchanging plants, seeds, and specimens microscopy and photomicrography in botanical research How did botanists and gardeners introduce plants from one region to another? grafting, budding, and propagation of tropical fruit crops

Semantic search is not a chatbot: a question is used as a search query, and the system returns archival passages that appear conceptually related to it rather than generating an answer or summary. Short descriptions and ordinary research questions generally work better than lists of disconnected keywords. Quotation marks have no special meaning in Semantic mode. Cross-language matching may work in some cases, but it should not be treated as translation.

Keyword and Semantic search are complementary. Keyword search lets you require particular wording; Semantic search can surface differently worded passages about the same subject. Depending on the research question, trying both can reveal different useful material.

Open a result: use the prominent page-and-transcription link to see the metadata, PDF, and full transcription. Keyword-search terms are highlighted in the transcription.

Archives Collections Database (ArchivesSpace): the Collection, Item/Folder, and Digital Object links open the corresponding archival records. Collection-level dates describe the collection as a whole, not necessarily the specific item or page.

If a PDF does not load: on the detail page, use the Digital Object link, click “Go to file” in ArchivesSpace, and navigate to the page number shown here.

Current limitations
  • Automated transcriptions can contain missing or incorrect text or unintended repetition. Difficult handwriting, image quality, unusual layouts, and multiple languages can reduce accuracy. Always consult the original page image when an exact reading matters.
  • Semantic search remains experimental. Its rankings are an additional discovery aid, not a complete or definitive set of relevant results, and highly ranked pages can sometimes be only broadly related.
  • This is an active prototype. Search coverage, transcriptions, functionality, and the interface may continue to change as additional archival material is processed and the system is improved.

← Back to results

Page 42 · DO #961 · 319_Love_Bx1FF6r

Collection
Áskell Löve (1916–1994) papers
Item/Folder
"Outlines for Books and Articles to be Published but Never Completed" (2 of 3) , 1969, n.d.
Digital Object
DO #961, page 42
Collection-level dates
1950–1987
Open PDF at page 42 ↗

Page transcription

Allopolyploidy.

The Danish geneticist Øjvind Winge formulated in 1917 the theory that polyploid series in nature arise by species hybridization and summation of the diploid chromosome sets of the interrelated species. Let us, for example, assume that species I and species II have 14 chromosomes each, but 7 different kinds. The genomes of the two species may be denoted by AA and DD, each letter indicating a set of seven chromosomes. If hybrids are produced, they are AB.

Winge assumed that the chromosome number in such species hybrids is sometimes doubled at an early stage of pregnancy in the zygote. This would occur because the chromosome replication would be distributed in such a way that cells with 28 instead of 14 chromosomes would arise. Then polyploid cells would give rise to individuals, with a double chromosome number, i.e., in the example given, to plants in which all the cells would have AADD instead of AD. At maturity, A genomes would pair with each other and form new bivalents, B; and the D genomes with each other and form D. Meiosis should hence quite regularly give rise to gametes with 14 chromosomes each – the AADD type would breed true and be a new species with 28 chromosomes, representing a synthesis of the original AA and DD parents.

Winge's theory has been thoroughly verified by thousands of experiments, including the wheat genome:

T. monococcum (aichem): 2 = 14 = AA; T. dicoccum (common wheat): 2 = 28 = AAABB;
T. aestivum (diploid, bread wheat): 2 = 42 = AABBDD;
Aegilops tauschii 2 = 14 = DD; Ae. speltoides 2 = 14 = BB.

Rye wheat = AABBRR = 42; AADDDORR = 56.

This is genome analysis. Made difficult by practical homology or homology.

Nicotiana tabacum 2 = 48 = N. glauca + N. tomentosiformis 2 = 24 + 24.

Brassicaceae (cabbage): 2 = 38 = B. campestris (field mustard) 2 = 20 + B. oleracea (cabbages) 2 = 18.

Raphanobrassicae: Raphanus (radish) + Brassica (cabbages), 18 + 18 = 36.

From these examples it may now be seen that not only quantitative, autopolyploid alterations in chromosome number, but perhaps to a still higher degree allopolyploidy by species hybridization and summation of the different genomes, has played an important role in the origin of polyploid series in wild plants as well as in the origin of many cultivated plants.

Actually hybridization - the less related the parents the more successful the polyploids.
Pancetta -> destiny of the genome of an individual organism lies in 3-5% of digenetic!
usually very little viability (constitutive, non-constitutive)
Harrisons -> destiny of a hybrid between species of the same genus, low success,
Harrisons -> destiny of hybrids between interspecific taxa, highly successful.
Pancetta -> destiny of any Tristan hybrid, hybrids very rarely, although highly successful.
full fertility in hybrid for 2/first -> low fertility for hybrids.
little success -> high success.